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EV Battery Capacity: Gross vs Usable for Major U.S. Models

Last verified September 19, 2026

EV Battery Capacity: Gross vs Usable for Major U.S. Models

A battery-size number is not fully comparable until you know what the number means.

Some manufacturers publish usable capacity. Some publish gross and net/useable separately. Others publish a kWh figure under labels such as Battery capacity, Battery Energy, Battery system capacity, Battery Size, battery pack, or rated energy capacity without establishing on that checked source whether it should be normalized as gross or usable. Tesla's checked current U.S. Model Y and Model 3 subsystem pages publish battery type and nominal voltage but no kWh figure at all.1

This reference preserves those differences. If a current first-party source does not establish the semantic state, the field stays not established instead of being filled from a secondary estimate.

Quick comparison

Vehicle / exact source scope OEM-displayed capacity Gross capacity Usable / net capacity Semantic state established by source Notes
2026 Ford Mustang Mach-E Select / Premium — Standard Range 73 kWh Not established 73 kWh usable Ford explicitly calls this Usable Battery Capacity.2
2026 Ford Mustang Mach-E Select / Premium — Extended Range 88 kWh Not established 88 kWh usable Ford explicitly calls this Usable Battery Capacity.2
2026 Ford Mustang Mach-E GT / Rally — Extended Range 91 kWh Not established 91 kWh usable Ford explicitly calls this Usable Battery Capacity.23
2025 Ford F-150 Lightning — Standard Range 98 kWh Not established 98 kWh usable Ford's MY2025 technical specifications call this 98 kWh of usable energy.4
2025 Ford F-150 Lightning — Extended Range battery states 123 or 131 kWh Not established 123 or 131 kWh usable Exact MY2025 configuration determines which extended-range state applies.4
2026 Audi Q4 e-tron — current U.S. consumer page 82 kWh Not established Not established Battery capacity / unresolved Audi says Battery capacity 82 kWh without gross/usable labeling on that checked surface.5
2026 Hyundai IONIQ 5 — standard-range state 63 kWh Not established Not established Battery system capacity / unresolved Preserve Hyundai's source label.6
2026 Hyundai IONIQ 5 — longer-range states 84 kWh Not established Not established Battery system capacity / unresolved Same source boundary as the 63 kWh row.6
2026 Porsche Taycan — exact current U.S. configuration 89.0 kWh gross / 82.3 kWh net useable 89.0 kWh 82.3 kWh gross + net useable Exact Porsche Finder configuration; inventory URL is volatile.7
2026 Porsche Taycan GTS — exact current U.S. configuration 105.0 kWh gross / 97.0 kWh net useable 105.0 kWh 97.0 kWh gross + net useable Porsche also describes the current Taycan 105/97 pair in technical material.89
Current U.S. Tesla Model Y — checked owner-manual subsystem page Not established Not established Not established kWh not established on checked surface Current checked Tesla page lists high-voltage battery type and 345-V nominal voltage, not kWh capacity.1
Current U.S. Tesla Model 3 — checked owner-manual subsystem page Not established Not established Not established kWh not established on checked surface Current checked Tesla page lists high-voltage battery type and 355-V nominal voltage, not kWh capacity.1
2026 Kia EV6 — Light 63.0 kWh Not established Not established Battery Energy (kWh) / unresolved Current Kia U.S. specifications use the Battery Energy label.10
2026 Kia EV6 — Light Long Range / Wind / GT-Line 84.0 kWh Not established Not established Battery Energy (kWh) / unresolved Current Kia U.S. specifications use the Battery Energy label.10
2026 Kia EV6 — GT 84.0 kWh Not established Not established Battery Size / unresolved Kia's current Features & Options table includes GT at 84.0 kWh; the checked specification comparison does not display GT.11
2026 Kia EV9 — Light 76.1 kWh Not established Not established Battery Energy (kWh) / unresolved Current Kia Media specifications use Battery Energy; the owner manual independently lists 76.1 kWh under Capacity (kWh).1213
2026 Kia EV9 — Light Long Range / Wind / Land / GT-Line 99.8 kWh Not established Not established Battery Energy (kWh) / unresolved Current Kia Media specifications use Battery Energy; no gross/usable semantic is added.1213
2025 Nissan ARIYA — 63 kWh battery state 63 kWh Not established Not established battery / unresolved Exact MY2025 U.S. features source; no carry-forward to another model year.14
2025 Nissan ARIYA — 87 kWh battery state 87 kWh Not established Not established battery / unresolved Same MY2025 source boundary.14
Current U.S. Volvo EX30 — Single Motor Extended Range / Twin Motor Performance 69.0 kWh Not established Not established Battery capacity / unresolved Current U.S. specifications publish 69.0 kWh.15
2027 Genesis GV60 — current U.S. page 84 kWh Not established Not established 84 kWh battery / unresolved Current 2027 U.S. GV60 page.16
2026 Mercedes-Benz EQE 320+ Sedan 96 kWh Not established Not established Battery capacity / unresolved Current MBUSA model page.17
2026 Mercedes-AMG EQE Sedan 90.6 kWh Not established Not established Battery capacity / unresolved Current MBUSA model page.17
2026 Honda Prologue — current U.S. trims 85 kWh Not established Not established Battery Capacity (kWh) / unresolved Honda's current trim/spec table lists 85 kWh.18
2026 Cadillac LYRIQ — current U.S. specs 102 kWh Not established Not established rated energy capacity Preserve Cadillac's exact label; do not translate it to gross/usable.19
2026 Cadillac VISTIQ — current first-party specs 102 kWh Not established 102 kWh Useable Battery Energy Cadillac explicitly labels the energy usable.20
2026 Cadillac OPTIQ — current U.S. specs 85 kWh Not established Not established battery capacity / unresolved Current Cadillac page says battery capacity of 85 kWh without a gross/usable label.21
2026 Cadillac OPTIQ-V — manufacturer technical specs 85 kWh Not established 85 kWh Useable Battery Energy Cadillac explicitly labels the V model's 85 kWh as useable energy.22
2026 Cadillac ESCALADE IQ — current U.S. specs 205 kWh Not established Not established battery capacity / unresolved Current Cadillac page says battery capacity of 205 kWh without a gross/usable label.23
2026 Chevrolet Equinox EV — current U.S. Chevrolet page 85 kWh Not established Not established 85 kWh battery pack / unresolved Official U.S. Chevrolet page establishes the pack figure but not gross/usable semantics.24
2026 Chevrolet Blazer EV — LT / RS 85 kWh Not established Not established battery pack / unresolved Chevrolet says LT and RS are equipped with an 85-kWh battery pack.25
2026 Chevrolet Blazer EV — SS 102 kWh Not established Not established battery pack / unresolved Chevrolet says SS is equipped with a 102-kWh battery pack.25

Not established does not mean zero. It means the exact checked first-party surface did not establish that field or semantic state.

The labels are not interchangeable

The matrix now shows several different OEM source states across major U.S. EV families:

  • explicit usable: Mustang Mach-E, MY2025 F-150 Lightning, 2026 VISTIQ and 2026 OPTIQ-V;242022
  • explicit gross + net/useable: Taycan;879
  • other named capacity fields whose gross/usable meaning is unresolved on the checked source: LYRIQ rated energy capacity, IONIQ 5 Battery system capacity, Kia Battery Energy / Battery Size, plus generic Battery capacity / battery / battery-pack labels from Audi, Nissan, Volvo, Genesis, Mercedes-Benz, Honda, Cadillac and Chevrolet;561214151617181924101113212325
  • no kWh on the checked technical/manual surface: current U.S. Model Y and Model 3 subsystem pages.1

ATC does not silently convert any of those states into another one.

Why Tesla is listed as not established

The current U.S. Model Y and Model 3 subsystem pages rechecked Sept. 18, 2026 publish high-voltage battery type and nominal voltage, but they do not publish a high-voltage battery capacity in kWh on those pages.1

That is a deliberately bounded source finding. It does not mean Tesla has never published capacity information anywhere, and it does not authorize ATC to fill the row from an estimated pack size found on a secondary site.

Same number, different Cadillac semantics: OPTIQ vs OPTIQ-V

Cadillac's current 2026 OPTIQ page says the regular model has a battery capacity of 85 kWh.21 That checked passage does not call the figure gross or usable.

Cadillac's technical release for the 2026 OPTIQ-V also gives 85 kWh, but its battery-system table explicitly labels that figure 85 kWh Useable Battery Energy.22

The equal number does not authorize ATC to copy the OPTIQ-V semantic label onto the regular OPTIQ. The source wording remains configuration-specific.

Kia EV6 and EV9: exact kWh, unresolved semantic

Kia's current U.S. 2026 EV6 specification table uses the field Battery Energy (kWh) for 63.0- and 84.0-kWh pack states.10 Kia's separate Features & Options table confirms the GT's 84.0-kWh Battery Size.11

Kia's current U.S. 2026 EV9 specification table likewise uses Battery Energy (kWh) for the 76.1- and 99.8-kWh states.13 The EV9 owner manual independently lists the same two capacities under Capacity (kWh).12

Those are useful manufacturer numbers, but neither wording is silently upgraded here to gross or usable capacity.

Explicit usable-capacity examples

Ford Mustang Mach-E

Ford's current 2026 specification tables identify 73, 88 and 91 kWh battery states as usable capacity for the listed configurations.23 The checked pages do not establish corresponding gross values.

Ford F-150 Lightning — MY2025 scope

Ford's MY2025 technical specifications identify 98, 123 and 131 kWh battery states as usable energy.4 This row is intentionally source-versioned to 2025. It must not be silently reused for another model year.

Cadillac VISTIQ

Cadillac's 2026 VISTIQ technical specifications state 102 kWh Useable Battery Energy.20 That is materially different from the 2026 LYRIQ consumer/spec wording, which calls its 102 kWh figure rated energy capacity.19

Cadillac OPTIQ-V

Cadillac's 2026 OPTIQ-V technical specifications state 85 kWh Useable Battery Energy.22 The regular OPTIQ's current 85-kWh source does not use the same semantic label.21

Porsche: both gross and net are published

Porsche's current technical material describes the current Taycan at 105 kWh gross and 97 kWh net.8

Exact current 2026 U.S. Porsche Finder configurations also show:

  • 89.0 kWh gross / 82.3 kWh net useable;7
  • 105.0 kWh gross / 97.0 kWh net useable.9

The Finder URLs are volatile. If they disappear, those rows should be re-sourced rather than assumed current indefinitely.

Gross-minus-usable is arithmetic, not a claimed battery buffer

Where an OEM publishes both values, simple subtraction is possible:

  • 105.0 - 97.0 = 8.0 kWh;
  • 89.0 - 82.3 = 6.7 kWh.879

Those differences are arithmetic only. This reference does not call them a fixed reserve, hidden capacity, degradation allowance, safety margin, emergency range or owner-inaccessible buffer unless a source directly establishes that interpretation.

Why this matters for charging calculations

Charging-cost and charging-time calculations often need usable capacity rather than a generic pack-size figure.

ATC's /tools/charging-cost-calculator, /tools/charging-time-calculator, and /tools/dc-fast-charging-cost-calculator should eventually reuse the same reviewed source-versioned capacity records behind this matrix. They should not guess usable capacity from a gross or unlabeled OEM number.

ATC's /tools/ev-specs serves a different job using FuelEconomy.gov range/efficiency data and should not be treated as a gross/usable battery-capacity source unless its upstream data explicitly adds those fields.

For battery chemistry, see ATC's EV battery chemistry reference. Chemistry and capacity semantics remain separate fields.

What this reference will not do

  • copy a secondary database's estimated capacity into an OEM row;
  • assume battery capacity, Battery Energy, Battery Size, battery system capacity, rated energy capacity, gross, net, and usable are synonyms;
  • carry a capacity value across model years without an exact-source check;
  • transfer a semantic label from one trim/model to a sibling vehicle merely because the kWh number matches;
  • convert gross-minus-net arithmetic into a claimed reserve/buffer;
  • create separate pages for every model, year, brand or largest battery query;
  • turn a bounded absence on one checked OEM page into a universal claim about all manufacturer documentation.

Scope and freshness

This is a major-U.S.-model cross-section, not a claim to contain every battery-electric vehicle sold in the country. The cohort deliberately covers high-interest mass-market, premium, truck and three-row models while preserving first-party semantic differences instead of maximizing row count with secondary estimates.

Recheck a row when:

  • a new model year changes battery availability;
  • a trim or pack changes without a model-name change;
  • an OEM changes the displayed capacity or its label;
  • a previously ambiguous page begins publishing gross and/or usable values;
  • a volatile exact-configuration source disappears;
  • ATC implements a reviewed shared vehicle-capacity dataset that becomes the internal source of truth.

Next scheduled review: October 18, 2026.

Sources

Footnotes

  1. Tesla — current U.S. Model Y and Model 3 Owner's Manual subsystem pages. Rechecked Sept. 18, 2026. These pages publish high-voltage battery type and nominal voltage (345 V DC for the checked Model Y page; 355 V DC for the checked Model 3 page) but no high-voltage battery capacity in kWh. The finding is limited to these checked pages. https://www.tesla.com/ownersmanual/modely/en_us/GUID-E414862C-CFA1-4A0B-9548-BE21C32CAA58.html and https://www.tesla.com/ownersmanual/model3/en_us/GUID-E414862C-CFA1-4A0B-9548-BE21C32CAA58.html ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  2. Ford — 2026 Mustang Mach-E Premium / current model specification comparison. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. Establishes Standard Range Usable Battery Capacity 73kWh, Select/Premium Extended Range Usable Battery Capacity 88kWh, and GT/Rally Usable Battery Capacity 91kWh. https://www.ford.com/suvs/mach-e/models/premium/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  3. Ford — 2026 Mustang Mach-E GT. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. Establishes the GT's Extended-Range Battery (91kWh Usable Capacity) and repeats the 73/88/91 kWh usable-capacity comparison table. https://www.ford.com/suvs/mach-e/models/gt/ ↩ ↩2

  4. Ford — 2025 F-150 Lightning Technical Specifications. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. Lists battery size as 98, 123 and 131 kWh of usable energy for the MY2025 battery states. https://www.fromtheroad.ford.com/content/dam/fordmediasite/us/en/library/2025/specs/2025-Ford-F-150-Lightning-Technical-Specifications.pdf ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  5. Audi USA — 2026 Q4 e-tron overview. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. Displays Battery capacity 82 kWh; checked page does not identify it as gross or usable/net. https://www.audiusa.com/en/models/q4/q4-e-tron/2026/overview/ ↩ ↩2

  6. Hyundai USA — 2026 IONIQ 5 specifications. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. Displays Battery system capacity of 63 and 84 kWh. https://www.hyundaiusa.com/us/en/vehicles/ioniq-5/compare-specs ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  7. Porsche Finder U.S. — exact current 2026 Taycan configuration. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. Lists Battery energy content (gross) 89.0 kWh and Battery energy content (net useable) 82.3 kWh. Volatile inventory URL. https://finder.porsche.com/us/en-US/details/porsche-taycan-new-GEMM78 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  8. Porsche Newsroom — Porsche E-Performance: The ‘E’ is for Emotion. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. States current Taycan 105 kWh gross / 97 kWh net. https://newsroom.porsche.com/en/2025/innovation/porsche-e-performance-emotion-40313.html ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  9. Porsche Finder U.S. — exact current 2026 Taycan GTS configuration. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. Lists 105.0 kWh gross / 97.0 kWh net useable. Volatile inventory URL. https://finder.porsche.com/us/en-US/details/porsche-2026-porsche-taycan-gts-new-90NRQD ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  10. Kia America / Kia Media — 2026 EV6 Specifications. Checked Sept. 18, 2026. Lists high-voltage-battery Battery Energy (kWh) of 63.0 kWh for Light and 84.0 kWh for Light Long Range, Wind and GT-Line. The checked table does not define those values as gross or usable. https://www.kiamedia.com/us/en/models/ev6/2026/specifications ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  11. Kia America / Kia Media — 2026 EV6 Features & Options. Checked Sept. 18, 2026. Lists Battery Size of 63.0 kWh on Light and 84.0 kWh on Light Long Range, Wind, GT-Line and GT. The field does not establish gross/usable semantics. https://www.kiamedia.com/us/en/models/ev6/2026/features ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  12. Kia — 2026 EV9 U.S. Owner's Manual, Electric vehicle specifications. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. Lists lithium-ion battery Capacity (kWh) of 76.1 standard and 99.8 extended. https://ownersmanual.kia.com/full_webhelp/MV1A/2026/en_US/topics/chapter10_2.html ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  13. Kia America / Kia Media — 2026 EV9 Specifications. Checked Sept. 18, 2026. Lists high-voltage-battery Battery Energy (kWh) of 76.1 kWh for Light and 99.8 kWh for the other displayed trims. The field does not identify those figures as gross or usable. https://www.kiamedia.com/us/en/models/ev9/2026/specifications ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  14. Nissan USA — 2025 ARIYA features. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. Charging descriptions identify 63 kWh and 87 kWh battery states for MY2025 ARIYA. https://www.nissanusa.com/vehicles/electric-cars/ariya/features.html ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  15. Volvo Cars USA — current EX30 specifications. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. Lists Battery capacity 69.0 kWh for the current U.S. variants shown. https://www.volvocars.com/us/cars/ex30-electric/specifications/ ↩ ↩2

  16. Genesis USA — 2027 GV60. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. Current U.S. page states the GV60 has an 84 kWh battery. https://www.genesis.com/us/en/gv60 ↩ ↩2

  17. Mercedes-Benz USA — 2026 EQE 320+ Sedan and AMG EQE Sedan. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. Lists Battery capacity of 96 kWh and 90.6 kWh respectively. https://www.mbusa.com/en/vehicles/model/eqe/sedan/eqe320v and https://www.mbusa.com/en/vehicles/model/eqe/sedan/amgeqev4 ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  18. Honda — 2026 Prologue features & specs. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. Lists Battery Capacity (kWh) 85 across current trims. https://automobiles.honda.com/prologue/specs-features-trim-comparison ↩ ↩2

  19. Cadillac — 2026 LYRIQ specifications. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. States 102 kWh rated energy capacity. https://www.cadillac.com/electric/preceding-year/lyriq/specs ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  20. Cadillac Newsroom — 2026 VISTIQ specifications. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. States Energy: 102 kWh Useable Battery Energy. https://news.cadillac.com/newsroom.detail.html/Pages/news/us/en/2024/nov/1112-vistiq.html ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  21. Cadillac — 2026 OPTIQ specifications. Checked Sept. 18, 2026. Says the current 2026 OPTIQ has a battery capacity of 85 kWh; the checked passage does not identify that value as gross or usable/net. https://www.cadillac.com/electric/preceding-year/optiq/specs ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  22. Cadillac Newsroom — Introducing the 2026 OPTIQ-V. Published June 9, 2025; checked Sept. 18, 2026. The technical specifications state Energy: 85 kWh Useable Battery Energy. https://news.cadillac.com/newsroom.detail.html/Pages/news/us/en/2025/jun/0609-optiq-v.html ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  23. Cadillac — 2026 ESCALADE IQ specifications. Checked Sept. 18, 2026. Says the vehicle has a battery capacity of 205 kWh; the checked passage does not label the figure gross or usable/net. https://www.cadillac.com/electric/escalade-iq/specs ↩ ↩2

  24. Chevrolet U.S. — 2026 Equinox EV Spanish-language page. Checked Sept. 17, 2026. States the 2026 Equinox EV is equipped with an 85 kWh battery pack. https://es.chevrolet.com/electric/previous-year/equinox-ev ↩ ↩2

  25. Chevrolet — 2026 Blazer EV. Checked Sept. 18, 2026. Says LT/RS are equipped with an 85-kWh battery pack and SS with a 102-kWh battery pack. The checked page does not label those figures gross or usable/net. https://www.chevrolet.com/electric/previous-year/blazer-ev ↩ ↩2 ↩3